There are not only high-end professionals in high-end producer services, but also the employees who provide everyday services to the professional class there are not only a large number of formal manufacturing workers in large-scale manufacturing industry, but also a large influx of immigrants to the fairly large-scale informal economy. The global city policy has brought huge changes, particularly in the social structure, which is far different from the current archetypical global cities. The impact of the ‘global city policy’ on these cities with such complexity deserves examination. ![]() ![]() Different races, castes, tribes, strata and communities coexist, presenting unimaginable complexity. The former all have long histories, profound humanistic traditions and huge populations. However, the institutional setting, resource abundance, infrastructure and cultural atmosphere of the emerging global cities in China and India are quite different from those of New York, London and Tokyo, which are considered the archetypical global cities. Thus, these leading cities have been turned into emerging global cities. Though the degrees of achievements vary in these leading cities, the global city policy indeed brings significant economic growth and higher ranks in the world city system. Obviously, all of these institutional adjustments and policy instruments are responding to the fast globalization, which is particularly promoted by neo-liberalism and informatization. When comparing the emerging global cities of China and India, I couldn't help noticing their similar trajectory of development: to reform the domestic system in accordance with the requirements of the international economic system, to upgrade the industrial structure with much emphasis on producer services and to renew the urban space through gentrification. I started my field study in Mumbai and New Dehli, because I think China and India share the most common experiences and challenges among all BRICS countries. ![]() Recently, I have begun to examine the strategic planning and related policy instruments of the leading cities in the BRICS countries, namely Shanghai, Johannesburg, Mumbai, Sao Paulo and Moscow.
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